This foundational course provides both an introduction to and practical understanding of the development and humanitarian sectors. Students will engage with theoretical frameworks such as modernization theory (linear growth models), capabilities approach, and international dependency theory, using real-world case studies for critical reflection. Political economy analysis will frame our exploration of challenges in countries such as Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, Gaza, and Afghanistan. We will examine contemporary debates including the role of development financing, the involvement of private sector actors in humanitarian response, and gaps in institutional architecture. Given the global urgency of hunger, a dedicated session will address technical aspects of food insecurity and the mechanisms used to respond.